Indian states BIMAROU and Non-BIMAROU states Canadian provincial and Indian state panel data Cointegration ENP Entry and exit of political parties Fixed effects Poisson panel estimation Income inequality Non-monotonic relationships Number of political parties Political competition Subnational panel data analysis Voter turnout ARDL modeling Accountability Bruttoinlandsprodukt Central Bank Independence Central banking Competition Conditional convergence Core versus swing voter Discretionary election times Economic and electoral outcomes Economic history of Canada Electoral competitiveness Entwicklungspolitik Error correction model Finance, public Fixed election dates Hochtechnologie